新型绿色化学反应介质的研究进展

综述了绿色化学在反应介质方面的研究进展。新型的有机合成反应介质主要包括离子液体、超临界流体、水溶剂及微波无溶剂技术。这些新型反应介质不仅可以取代传统的挥发性有毒有害有机溶剂,同时还可提高反应的活性和选择性,加速反应的进行,且有利于催化剂的回收利用及产品的分离。新型绿色化学反应介质是实现有机合成绿色化的重要途径。     

垃圾填埋场室内模拟试验注水量确定方法及其应用

针对填埋场室内模拟试验往往忽略降雨径流和初损的问题,提出运用SCS模型确定室内模拟试验日注水量的方法,并将计算结果应用于成都长安填埋场室内模拟试验中.结果表明,采用SCS模型计算所得的日入渗量进行注水的模拟柱渗滤液产量和水质变化能够更准确的模拟填埋场实际情况.     

Estimated Variability of National Atmospheric Deposition Program/Mercury Deposition Network Measurements Using Collocated Samplers

The National Atmospheric Deposition Program/Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) provides long-term, quality-assured records of mercury in wet deposition in the USA and Canada. Interpretation of spatial and temporal trends in the MDN data requires quantification of the variability of the MDN measurements. Variability is quantified for MDN data from collocated samplers at MDN sites in two states, one in Illinois and one in Washington. Median absolute differences in the collocated sampler data for total mercury concentration are approximately 11% of the median mercury concentration for all valid 1999–2004 MDN data. Median absolute differences are between 3.0% and 14% of the median MDN value for collector catch (sample volume) and between 6.0% and 15% of the median MDN value for mercury wet deposition. The overall measurement errors are sufficiently low to resolve between NADP/MDN measurements by ±2 ng·l⁻¹ and ±2 μg·m⁻²·year⁻¹, which are the contour intervals used to display the data on NADP isopleths maps for concentration and deposition, respectively.     

Using Lichen Chemistry to Assess Airborne Tungsten and Cobalt in Fallon, Nevada

This paper describes the use of lichen chemistry to assess airborne tungsten and cobalt in Fallon, Nevada, where a cluster of childhood leukemia has been on going since 1997. Lichens and their rock substrates were collected from Rattlesnake Hill within Fallon as well as from four different rock outcrops located north, east, south, and west of Fallon and at least 20 km away from the town center. In the lichens themselves, W and Co are significantly higher within Fallon than in the combined control site outside of Fallon. In the rock substrates of the lichens, no differences exist in W and Co. The W and Co differences in lichens cannot be attributed to substrate geochemistry. Fallon is distinctive in west central Nevada for high airborne W and Co, and given its cluster of childhood leukemia, it stands to reason that additional biomedical research is in order to test directly the leukogenicity of combined airborne W and Co.     

大气微生物与气象条件及大气污染物的灰色关联分析

根据大气微生物浓度、气象因子和大气污染理化因子的监测结果，应用灰色关联分析原理，分析研究大气微生物浓度与气象条件和大气污染物的关联程度，说明气象因子对各类微生物浓度的影响大于大气污染因子，特别是对耐高渗透压霉菌。     

金华市大气降水的化学组成特征及来源解析

对2004年大气降水样品监测资料的综合分析和研究表明,金华市降水样品pH值的分布范围在3.64~6.76之间,降水的酸雨率为79.3%。SO24-和NO-3是降水中主要的阴离子,分别占降水中阴离子总量的66.1%和21.7%。NH 4和Ca2 是降水中含量最高的阳离子,分别占阴离子总量的56.6%和33.4%。降水中这些离子的浓度水平一般比世界上其它地方高,但大大低于国内的北方地区。由于降水中缺乏足够的中和物质,大约76%的降水酸度被NH 4、Ca2 和K 等碱性成分中和。陆源型离子Ca2 、Mg2 和K 以及海盐性离子Na 和Cl-之间存在明显的相关关系,另外Ca2 和SO24-、Mg2 和SO24-、Mg2 和NO-3以及Mg2 和Cl-之间也可以观察到比较好的相关关系。土壤和海水的富集系数表明,研究区域的Ca2 和K 主要来源于岩石/土壤风化,SO24-和NO-3主要归因于人为活动的影响。     

环境分析化学发展战略研究

环境分析化学是环境化学的一个重要分支.本文报导环境分析化学的研究领域,对象,国内外研究工作的发展趋势以及环境分析方法和环境监测仪器等。近年来,在污染物的超痕量分析、环境标准参考物的制备以及环境分析监测技术自动化方面都有较大的进展,对推动研究污染物的来源、毒性和含量,为最终控制和改造环境起到了推动作用,环境科学的发展在一定程度上依赖于环境分析化学所取得的成就。 在研究国内外工作动向的基础上,我们提出了环境分析化学的中近期研究方向,其中包括有机污染物和元素化学形态定值的环境标准参考物质、无机毒物的形态分析、分析技术的联用,有毒污染物的系统分析、我国优先监测污染物名单的制定、新型采样器,以及监测技术自动化研究等方面,以供从事这方面工作的领导和科研人员参考。     

Application of a coupled ecosystem-chemical equilibrium model, DayCent-Chem, to stream and soil chemistry in a Rocky Mountain watershed

Atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen species have the potential to acidify terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but nitrate and ammonium are also critical nutrients for plant and microbial productivity. Both the ecological response and the hydrochemical response to atmospheric deposition are of interest to regulatory and land management agencies. We developed a non-spatial biogeochemical model to simulate soil and surface water chemistry by linking the daily version of the CENTURY ecosystem model (DayCent) with a low temperature aqueous geochemical model, PHREEQC. The coupled model, DayCent-Chem, simulates the daily dynamics of plant production, soil organic matter, cation exchange, mineral weathering, elution, stream discharge, and solute concentrations in soil water and stream flow. By aerially weighting the contributions of separate bedrock/talus and tundra simulations, the model was able to replicate the measured seasonal and annual stream chemistry for most solutes for Andrews Creek in Loch Vale watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park. Simulated soil chemistry, net primary production, live biomass, and soil organic matter for forest and tundra matched well with measurements. This model is appropriate for accurately describing ecosystem and surface water chemical response to atmospheric deposition and climate change.     

赣南小流域的水文地球化学特征和主要风化过程

对赣南花岗岩小流域进行采样、测试及分析,发现其河水含有较低的矿化度,水化学组成以Na ,Ca2 ,Cl-1和HCO-3为主,溶解性Si的含量明显较高,代表了典型硅酸盐地区河流的相应化学组成.通过Gibbs图分析,赣南流域大部分地区受大气降水的影响比较显著,"蒸发-浓缩"类型的小流域也较多.根据主成分分析和因子分析的结果,定量地估算了大气中CO2和三类岩石对河水中各种离子的贡献比例.与黄河相比,赣南流域受硅酸盐岩风化作用强烈,但主要影响因素仍是碳酸盐和蒸发盐岩,二者对赣南流域溶解质的贡献率分别为42.8%和29.2%,大气中CO2对河水溶解质的贡献率为21.4%,低于世界平均水平.主要风化反应以岩盐和方解石的溶解为主,Si/(Na* K)比值较低,说明风化反应在表生环境中进行,其产物是富含阳离子的次生矿物.     

物理化学与环境科学

环境化学从化学的角度来研究污染中的化学规律。物理化学的理论和方法被运用到环保中 ,为生态系统中能量流动提供理论依据 ,探索污染的形成机理 ,研究O3层的破坏机理 ,为环境检测提供了新技术